The living hell Essay Example For Students

The living damnation Essay The Living HellOne of the most exceedingly awful crossroads throughout the entire existence of our reality is when Adolf Hitler came to control. His frightening reign in Germany during and not long after the subsequent universal war welcomed on nothing else except for wretchedness, sadness, and a network which had now been significantly decreased. Hitler was known for his energetic aversion of Jewish individuals, (hostile to Semitism). In horrible, obtuse ways, Hitler continued to torment, investigate, and kill Jews. It was not just Jews anyway which Hitler needed to dispose of; he additionally sought after rovers and gay people. This despot utilized â€Å"living space† and the craving for a â€Å"good† country of unadulterated Germans as a reason to fulfill his unfeeling convictions and issues with these individuals. Over the span of the war, Hitler sent Jews to death camps. These camps where either work camps, or concentration camps. Jews got â€Å"special† tre atment, and where recognized as not quite the same as the remainder of the general public. In any case, Hitler had no leniency; he had it built up that the Jews would all be destroyed. Inhumane imprisonments were places where the Jews or foes of Nazism were sent.. In the wake of having been isolated and compelled to live in ghettos, they were sent off, on long train ventures, without knowing their goal, nor for to what extent they would be in these trains. Individuals were known to get crazy, shout that they were going to pass on, or bite the dust inside these trains. The trains were made out of minuscule carts, and every cart was over-burden with individuals. There was no spot to breath, not to mention plunk down. They had been informed that they would have been â€Å"resettled† in another ghetto, however much to their dismay what Hitler implied by â€Å"resettlement†. There was once in a while a little air gap or window through which the night sky could be watched. T he train rides were anyplace from a couple of hours to a couple of days long, however the travelers were not told this, and subsequently didn't have the foggiest idea how to get ready for these outings. An odd smell filled the air as the voyagers moved toward their last goals, it was the smell of something which was consuming, it was the smell of human tissue. We will compose a custom exposition on The living damnation explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Jews were isolated into â€Å"groups† for these camps. On the off chance that they were solid, youthful, and proficient, they would be sent to a work camp. The reason for these work camps was to work the detainees to death, while exploiting their last qualities to assemble more camps or different necessities that Hitler requested. On the off chance that poor people Jews were frail, crippled, old, or children, they were sent to a concentration camp. These camps had one sole reason; to murder. Inside these concentration camps, Jews were tormented just as gotten through unpleasant clinical experimentations. The two kinds of camps contained both the famous gas chambers, just as crematoriums. The detainees in concentration camps were sent there ordinary, and the work detainees were sent there for defying or for done being truly equipped for working because of the awful cleanliness and taking care of conditions. The most notorious inhumane imprisonments, with the most torment and passing checks were Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Mauthasen, and Treblinka. It is completely difficult to clarify a degree of torment as solid as that accomplished by Jews in these camps. Everything that could possibly be clarified is only a minor speculation, or an extremely little level of what individuals experienced. Survivors, which are presently not very many, despite everything experience difficulty portraying the camps as they were the point at which they were in them. The sadness and the injury they would say will frequent them until the end of time. .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .postImageUrl , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:visited , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:active { border:0!important; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:active , .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover { haziness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be8 17c86ef0ccb96836 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub4286cb81ccb0be817c86ef0ccb96836:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Sex Education in the Classroom EssayThe generally known about all camps was Auschwitz, the concentration camp. The first of the two sections was worked in 1940. It was so famous in light of the fact that out of the aggregate of 6,000,000 detainees which were executed during the war, around 2,000,000 kicked the bucket in Auschwitz. At the point when detainees showed up at a camp, they were isolated. Men on one side, and ladies and youngsters on the other. At that point, they were taken from their garments and every single individual having a place and made with remain in columns. They were shaved, and either inked with numbers or co mpelled to wear labels to distinguish them. The purpose of this was to cause them to feel like they were not, at this point individuals, yet simply like rodents in a labyrinth which drove not to a bit of cheddar, however to a bit of death. In this camp, as most different camps, they were sent to gas chambers with Zyklon-B, a gas whose impact is equivalent to carbon monoxide, it has no scent, however it prompts demise by suffocation and inebriation. The chambers were made to seem as though shower rooms, and the detainees were first splashed with super cold water and afterward the gas was discharged. There were no windows in these chambers. Be that as it may, there was a little peephole, taking after those on inn entryways. As an afterthought outside of the chamber, the opening was secured with glass, so the Nazis could watch the procedure. Within, the opening was secured with an extraordinary screen, to that the casualties couldn't break the glass. When they were in, there was no cha nce to get out. The Nazis ensured that nothing could ever occur so as to allow them to endure. In the event that they were not sent to gas chambers, the Jews were singed, now and then dead, at times alive. The principle reason with respect to why this crematory was made was on the grounds that the camps were coming up short on spots to discard the bodies. From the start, they were put in mass graves, which were enormous gaps in the ground where the hard, deformed bodies were dumped. Be that as it may, these occupied an excessive amount of room. In this manner, Hitler made an expansion to his shock camps; crematoriums. These huge structures had a colossal passage pertruding from the top, and consistently, starts and vapor would eject from them, at that point the sickening smell would spread all through the camp. Each camp was not quite the same as the other, be that as it may, Auschwitz was particular from the others. In different camps, the SS, Hitler’s armed force, were the ones responsible for slaughtering the detainees. Yet, in Auschwitz, it was Jewish detainees, considered the â€Å"lucky ones† who needed to murder their own friends in the crematories. Hitler additionally mentioned that these â€Å"lucky† detainees be compelled to consume their family members also, in the event that they were in a similar camp. It is insufferable to envision the feelings which one must feel, being requested to slaughter their own family. The following infamous camp on the rundown was Buchenwald. Buchenwald was made in 1937, in Weimar. This camp was littler, and furthermore much â€Å"cleaner† than the others. Here, the all out realized passing tally was of 56 thousand. It was a work camp, exhausting the detainees to death, albeit numerous others kicked the bucket because of the conditions inside the camp, starvation, and absence of cleanliness. Barely any detainees at any point ended it all, on account of their solid confidence. Along these lines, they experienced extraordinary ghastliness, while never losing their confidence, in spite of the fact that they realized their time was drawing closer. Buchenwald was worked in two years, by 500 of Germany’s detainees. In March of 1933, Dachau had been opened. It was a concentration camp, for an alternate gathering of individuals. This camp was made for political detainees, for example, Communists or Social Democrats who were considered as â€Å"threats to the state†. In this camp, the aggregate sum of passings was uncertain. The serious issue with this camp was the removal of the bodies, which on normal would reach up to 4,176 inside 24 hours. The mass graves, containing from 300 to 400 individuals were occupying an excess of room, thus the procedure of incineration started there.

REWARDS AND BENEFITS IN VOLVO CAR COMPANY - HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Essay

REWARDS AND BENEFITS IN VOLVO CAR COMPANY - HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT - Essay Example In such manner, specialists (Arnold and Silvester, pp. 12-19, 2005) have recognized significant change in the point of view and mentality of businesses towards their representatives, and this shows making of various imaginative approaches and techniques to guarantee persuasive work environment condition for the laborers. In particular, execution and prize administration is one critical segment of HRM that assumes a pivotal job in each association, and examination has shown that associations are these days depending intensely on the variables of advantages and awards as modes and instruments of guaranteeing authoritative accomplishment by ensuring proficient and beneficial execution of the representatives. Especially, this paper is an endeavor in a similar arrangement of endeavors that will concentrate on ID of different kinds of advantages and pay frameworks existing all around, just as, reward methodologies of Volvo Car Corporation that will permit comprehension of the point in reas onable way. Various Forms of Rewards assume an essential job in each human life, and especially, it is an understanding that prize is one of the parts that drive the general public to create and develop in various viewpoints. This works in the authoritative setting too; in any case, before distinguishing various types of remunerations and pay, specialists (Robbins et al., pp. 39-47, 2009) have proposed that it is significant that businesses should invest amounts of energy to guarantee coordination of rewards’ strategy with authoritative destinations and mission, as non-joining regularly have brought about disappointment of the systems. For example, if hierarchical crucial to turn into a market head, Corporation should keep a more lucrative prize framework to hold best ability from the market, and if mission is to endure and go with stream of the market, and afterward a lower-reward framework will fill in also. Following are a portion of the normal types of pay and rewards: Fi xed Pay This is the most widely recognized and customary type of pay that remembers installment to representatives for a fix-pay approach, typically on month to month premise (Rothwell et al., pp. 23-25, 2009). In this sort of technique, workers get fix regularly scheduled installment notwithstanding of any adjustment in execution or profitability. It is a perception that associations are presently moving ceaselessly from the fixed compensation strategy because of strength of other current prize and execution the executives frameworks. Variable Pay Method â€Å"Why would it be a good idea for me to put forth an additional attempt for this activity? For what reason should I attempt to contribute and think increasingly about the hierarchical objectives and success† (Langton, pp. 46-76, 2000)? Previously mentioned is one of the basic articulations that one can get notification from representatives in a fix-pay framework that brought about the making of variable compensation stra tegy framework that â€Å"bases a part or the entirety of the employees’ income on some individual or authoritative recipe or proportion of productivity† (Torrington, Hall, and Taylor, pp. 365-348, 2005). Investigation has shown that 60% of the associations in the United Kingdom are relying upon the variable compensation framework to redress and persuade their laborers. One of the significant advantages of utilizing this framework is decrease of fixed work expenses, and this framework empowers the associations to concentrate more fair and square of profitability and execution that is regularly unrealistic or not serviceable in fixed compensation strategy. Other than these compensation frameworks,

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford Graduate School of Business Tops MBA Entrepreneur Program Ranking

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford Graduate School of Business Tops MBA Entrepreneur Program Ranking Stanford GSB The Financial Times Top MBAs for Entrepreneurship ranking has only existed for two years, but one thing seems clear: the Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) reigns. The school recently claimed the top spot in the publication’s ranking for the second year in a row, leaving behind such renowned institutions as the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania (seventh) and London Business School (ninth). The F.W. Olin Graduate School at Babson College, which is well known for its entrepreneurial offerings, came in second place, while the University of Virginia Darden School of Business took the third spot. Perhaps due to their location near the Silicon Valley, California-based business schools were heavily represented in the top ten. In addition to the GSB at number one, the UCLA Anderson School of Management and the Haas School of Business at the University of California, Berkeley, came in fifth and sixth, respectively. Although the top ten programs were largely based within the United States, three European schools were included. In addition to London Business School in ninth place, IE Business School and Iese Business School, both located in Spain, were ranked eighth and tenth, respectively. Share ThisTweet Berkeley-Haas News Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business) University of California Los Angeles (Anderson) University of Virginia (Darden)

Comparison Between American And Indian Companies Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1434 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Despite the fact that a lot of studies about human resource management (HRM) puts into practice in either American or else India can be found, most of these are public focused. Comparative studies concerning these two culturally different countries along with investigating similarities or differences between human resource management practices are insufficient. However, we found that Lawler, Edward, (2009), disclosed for companies in the American as well as other similar industrialized Western countries, performance-based payment systems have long been the undisputed way to take in compensation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparison Between American And Indian Companies Business Essay" essay for you Create order This paper aims to investigate effective payment system practices of American along with other Indian companies. At the same time, also we find with the purpose of compensation may be adjusted according the business needs, goals, and available resources a mechanism by which a person attempts to make up for some real or imagined failing of personality or behavior by developing or stressing another indication of the personality or by substituting a different set of behavior. When we have to go deep in such situation that Unites States companies spend more on compensation than their offshore competitors does not necessarily give them at a significant cost disadvantage, but it does unnecessarily lower earnings and may lower shareholder value. A more serious problem exists as per Suri, Shweta, (2007), in United States corporations with compensation costs that are too high relative toward their universal in addition to their domestic competitors. They certainly are wasting money. For most of American companies, the challenge is to find the right combination of base pay, besides bonuses, as well stock, in addition to deferred compensation as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996), that will attract and sustain top performers no easy undertaking. Indeed, packages often need to be complicated along with carefully designed in order to be effective. On the other hand Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) found that It takes a pretty multifaceted collection of short as well as long-term incentives, which requires cash as well as stock vehicles tied toward the staff as well as the companys business. Literature Review: Pay system is a management instrument that enables such business firm to control personnel cost, besides increase employee morale, in addition to trim work force turnover as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996). A regular pay system provides a wealth of productive individuals for their contributions toward the success of such business firm. In this regards we got to know that Lawler, Edward, (2009), illustrated that United States has the limitation of collective bargaining in addition to consent toward labor regulation. Most of theses business firms comprise to stand for all the way through the outcomes of cooperative bargaining accordingly parting them with extraordinarily little flexibility toward implement performance based pay. Therefore, business enterprises pay structure is a clear indication of such compensation philosophy and strategy. However, we can find in many areas of developed logically and communicated effectively, some business enterprises pay structure is a instrument that sta ff may perceive and understand. Moreover, we can say when it is said that this is important because recent studies show that understanding a business enterprises compensation strategy guide employees satisfaction with their compensation. Moreover, Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) said that the biggest challenge such a business firm might encounter when inventing a pay package distresses how it might have an effect on staff motivation. In some respects, as per Suri, Shweta, (2007), the way in which compensation affects initiative is quite painless as well as straightforward: Individuals tend along with honor also how valued the award might be. Alternatively, we noticed that such a thing was illustrated by Lawler, Edward, (2009), boards should develop principles in addition to objectives to take decisions. Also there are another point has to be clarified that pay should agree that of competitors. As per the illustration of Erwee, Ronel, (2008), It ought to reproduce performance comp arative toward the rivalry higher when a business firm carry out others as well as lower when it under such performance On the other part of the same story, American companies, in contrast, had severe pay scales, no matter how well or badly they were performing. Seeing that it has been known widely through Lawler, Edward, (2009), that they desired a better amount of elasticity in return. Moreover, we note also that United States managers use performance appraisals more extensively to assess current along with future training needs of their employees. Nevertheless, some American companies expend energy toward periodically sidestep the hard labor acts to make additional wage elasticity, but the majority are ensnared in contractual requirements that govern the terms of payment, besides wages along with other employee benefits. For example as per Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) employers are obliged to pay extra Christmas pay toward all employees moreover employees are entitled toward 3 0 days paid Holiday leave every year. The Indian Situation: The compensation strategies of the American along with Indian companies fund performance based pay practices toward some extent. Although as per Erwee, Ronel, (2008), This leads toward differences in income between high as well as low performers. Also here we can add that Lawler, Edward, (2009), said Indian firms tend to have a relatively higher performance attitude furthermore American over as well as above Indian managers prefer pay practices that foster personal along with group performance. Therefore, we can say that due to economic development Indian corporations not only generate more jobs but also facade a higher level of staff wearing away. More than a few business firms, specially in communication in addition to information technology based industries are bound to give attractive compensation packages above industry averages to retain their skilled workers. Additionally, Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) illustrated that the entry of foreign firms, with superior compensation pu ts into practice encourage local enterprise firms to go after outfit. However, such Human Resources policies of Indian private sector organizations increasingly use cash payments as wages. We found in this regards as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996), that Indian managers, less individualistic in order to protect for reviewing the performance of individuals to settle on their eventual profitability. Such companies are utilizing performance appraisals to find out income levels as well as identify strengths along with weaknesses of employees in order to develop career development in addition to treatment under-performance through adequate training programmes. Since Further, as per Erwee, Ronel, (2008), performance appraisals in this article also fulfill some extra purposes. For instance, they do something as a way for staff to express their feelings along with concerns toward their immediate supervisors moreover to facilitate discussions between individuals as well as decision makers. Al so here one more thing that can be added that one issue is the effect of the employee rank in Indian corporations. It may be linked toward collectivist cultures where elders are treated with respect as well as regards, irrelevant of their personal in addition to professional traits. Seniority in collective cultures could argue team harmony. However, Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) disclosed that the most of the Indian firms activate in non government sectors facing fierce competition like the American companies and yet adhere toward such this pay policy. Conversely, the current international financial crises have been hit the pay system at India; job loss as well as pay cuts; employees all over India take something to cheer about. As Suri, Shweta, (2007), sad that the corporate finance recovering after the lousy economy slowdown, the companies are gearing to pay their employees with bonus in addition to pay hikes. Conclusion: A conclusion is that performance appraisals along with pay practices do not differ significantly in the individual Indian as well as American companies, as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996), moreover that their managers believe these Human Resources practices as of key importance in both countries. On the other words, in a thriving the India country economy, business may be underneath difficulty to improve their benefit packages to attract and retain a skilled workforce. However, Lawler, Edward, (2009), find out that in the slower growing United States economy, where unceasing unemployment is apparent in all phases of jobs as well as professions, however, managers cannot be self-satisfied about performance appraisals or even pay observation. As we can add here that he straightforward conclusion is the one reached through some Indian companies: performance stranded pay is a meager in shape for Indian business culture. We wonder to find that Erwee, Ronel, (2008), if such raised problems are distinctly different from the problems that outbreak some American companies: poor system implementation in addition to management. Finally, as mentioned earlier, a well-structured along with handling performance associated compensation plan is a successful state as per Suri, Shweta, (2007),: The structure functions further professionally, at the same time as the staff take pleasure in additional enjoyable work, furthermore perhaps more enjoyable earnings.

Media Coverage on Presidential Candidates - 1194 Words

Both campaign contributions and media coverage has significant power to determine the success of a presidential candidate, and each of them seems to be interconnected with each other. The media has the power of fast deliverance of information, reproducing to an audience of mass quantity, and ability to distort the candidates’ authenticity. Though it largely relies on the campaign contribution that gets the attention of the media. However, it is the media that is more important in determining the likely success of a presidential candidate because of their coverage on a stimulating competitive race, complexive variety of biases, and techniques on issue framing. There are claims that perceptions of public support bring with them financial contributions. News emphasizing who is ahead or behind, gaining or losing, is the primary cause of how people â€Å"develop perceptions of the extent of mass support for candidates† (Mutz 1015). One way in which media portrayals of public support are important in determining the nature of campaigns is through their â€Å"influence on candidates’ abilities to attract contributors and ultimately, to finance a competitive race† (Mutz 1016). By encouraging mass fundraising efforts aimed at attracting many small donations from large number of individuals, â€Å"changes in campaign finance regulations have further enhanced the importance of mass media in the process† (Mutz 1016). In the 1988 Democratic primary and pre-primary period, all the presidentialShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Impact On Politics1325 Words   |  6 Pagesthousands of media platforms exist, it’s not surprising that media is one of the strongest, if not the biggest, influences in our current presidential election. No matter where each of us turn, whether it be to a newspaper, social media, or our televisions, every single one of us has seen some sort of news report or article discussing presidential candidates Hillary Clint on and Donald Trump. However, every year, there seems to be this constant struggle when it comes to the media coverage, as it appearsRead MoreEssay on Impact Of Television in Presidential Coverage1490 Words   |  6 Pages In the 1950s, television, having been introduced to political coverage as a new medium, surpassed the dominance of newspaper and radio media as the primary public source of information regarding politics by 1962. Political processes and events of various measures were all soon televised in recognition of overwhelmingly positive public feedback. By the 1970s, live coverage of major political events were as common as seeing grass on the ground. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Through the impact ofRead MorePresidential Election Vs. 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In the 1952 presidential race, Dwight Eisenhower promoted his campaign by creating political advertisements on TV (Fowler, Franz, Ridout). Since then, not only have radio and TV advertisements been a defining aspect of presidential elections, but also, social media, a more modern avenue for politiciansRead MoreMedias Influence On The Political World1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a considerable role in the political world. The media gives people access to be able to determine which political party they want to be a part of, develop outlooks on government parties and decisions, and manage their own personal interests. The newspaper, TV, radio, social media, and other online media, are one of the leading factors, if not thee leading factor in political communication and fund-raising. The media’s influence on the political world has shattered the mold in terms

The Belgian Blue Essay - 1568 Words

The Belgian Blue is a heavily muscled cow breed that has been established through selective breeding. It’s mainly bred for the purpose of its beef production and due to it’s lean meat, it’s become popular in some parts of Europe. Hyperplasia, also known as double muscling’ occurs in belgian blue cows resulting in its heavily muscled build. Is a term for an â€Å"abnormal increase in volume of a tissue or organ caused by the formation and growth of new normal cells† (hyperplasia, 2016); so it’s the increase of the amount of muscle fibres, rather than the enlargement of each individual muscle fibers (hypertrophy). (Hyperplasia, 2016) This is caused by a mutation the myostatin gene which is responsible to suppress muscle growth so that it doesn’t grow too large. So the mutation results in a more developed muscle compared to other cow breeds. This mutated gene is also a heritable characteristic which means it can be passed on to the next generation of offspring. 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Currently owned by the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, ‘Blue Poles’ is estimated to be worth a staggering AU $180 million. Original bought for $1.8 million, â€Å"Blue Poles† is now one of the most popular exhibits in the gallery. At the dimensions of 210 cm Ãâ€" 486.8 cm (83 in Ãâ€" 192 in), ‘Blue Poles’ is constructed by oil on canvas. Pollock mainlyRead MoreEssay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesenjoyed a good few centuries of being the top dog in terms of global travel, occupation and hegemony. (22) Since Columbus returned from his accidental discovery of South America with spuds and chocolate, Europeans have enjoyed wandering off into the wide blue yonder. Taking occupation of some naive locale and then raping what was there. Here’s a short list, in no particular order of places which have been occupied, exploited and exchanged between Imperial powers since about the 14thC. Fig 2. Authors

Conceptual Metaphor free essay sample

Traditionally, metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other, as in â€Å"He is a tiger†. It is a property of words, and is used for some artistic and rhetorical purpose. However, this view has been challenged recently by cognitive linguists (Liu Wen, 2012: 249). Cognitive linguists and philosophers have shown that metaphors are not just a way of expressing ideas by means of language, but powerful cognitive tools for our conceptualization of the world (Wang, 2011: 162). Cognitive linguists believe: â€Å"Metaphorical ideation is a kind of creative thinking ability that came to birth with the development of the human beings’ cognitive ability, it is the high-level stage of human beings’ cognitive development and especially it is necessary ability for human beings to observe abstract things. † (Zhao, 2001:102) Fauconnier (1998) points out that â€Å"mappings between domains are at the heart of the unique human cognitive faculty of producing, transferring, and processing meaning. Many abstract concepts are rganized with specific or well-known images by using metaphors. Metaphor in cognitive linguistics is a two-way affair: it can go from linguistic metaphor to conceptual metaphor or from conceptual to linguistic metaphor. For instance, cognitive linguists have used the abundant and systematic presence of metaphors in language as a basis for postulating the existence of conceptual metaphors, which illustrates the move from language to thought. Here is a whole series of conceptual metaphors which capture our thinking about ideas below. These are conceptual metaphors to the extent that they are abstractions of the ideas lying behind the common usage of such expressions as the following: Hes rich in ideas. That book is a treasure trove of ideas. He has a wealth of ideas. (cf. Gibbs, 1997: 1) 2. Conceptual metaphor Probably the most famous literature on metaphor is Lakoff and Johnsons conceptual metaphor theory. The publication of Metaphor We Live By in 1980 marked the beginning of modern research on metaphor with a cognitive perspective. This book proposes the conceptual metaphor theory. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) claim that we trequently think about objects, properties, or relations in one domain by systematically mapping these onto objects and properties in another domain (the source domain). The correspondence relation between these domains constitutes a potentially large and organized metaphor, by means of one domain in terms of the other. Much has been explained about conceptual metaphor since George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) first introduced the idea. Indeed, research has supplied bundant evidence that most of our metaphors are based on conceptual metaphors such as argument is war, happy is up, life is Journey, and many others. Yet there is good reason to investigate further the ways conceptual metaphors operate in our writing and talk. Currently, conceptual metaphors are described in two main ways. First, they are seen as preexistent structures available to be concretely instantiated. Second, they are seen as underpinnings, even fundamental underpinnings, of culture (Eubanks, 1999: 430). 3. Study of metaphors in literary works from the perspective of cognitive linguistics . 1 Study of metaphors in I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud from the perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory Wordsworth emphasized the metaphor nature is a teacher again and again in the poem I Wandered lonely as a Cloud. There are a lot of similarities between the Source Domain nature and the Target Domain teacher. Nature is the incarnation of order and civilization, which could save people from degradation, and obviously nature has the cultivating function of a teacher. Furthermore, teacher is as pure, charming and refreshing as nature. The poet compared nature to a teacher to direct and save people. With this conceptual metaphor we can understand the real meaning that the poet wanted to express. Actually, metaphors help the reader explore their inner feelings and emotions. Without metaphor poetry would be extremely shallow. Shallow poetry is perhaps one of the most purposeless forms of writing available. By using metaphor, poets can illuminate our experience; explore the consequences of our beliefs, challenge the ways we think, because metaphor is a primary tool for understanding our world and ourselves. (Rui Zhao, 2010: 14-17) 3. Study of metaphor in Emily Dickinsons oem applying on Cognitive Linguistics Theory In her poem I Could Not Stop for Death, Emily speaks of death as coachman, and she is using all extension of the same general and ordinary metaphorical conception of death as departure that we use when we speak of someone passing away. In the poem I Took One Draught of Life, Emily uses two conventional met aphors draught of life and a single dream of heaven to describe one short experience of love. In Twas Warm at First Like Us, we can effortlessly draw metaphors from this poem: death as frost, part of corpse as object. There is a large amount of fresh, novel and conventional metaphors in Emily Dickinsons poems, applying appropriate and suitable metaphorical theory can assist a lot to apprehend the essence of beauty in the metaphor, to reproduce the image of the poet in the audiences minds. (Xie Zhou, 2011: 201 ) 4. Study of metaphors in economic reports from the perspective of cognitive linguistics According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the conceptual metaphor can be divided into three categories: orientation, structural, and ontological metaphor. These are the bases ot metaphorical analysis in cognitive linguistics. In economic reports structural metaphors are used to express the economic concepts vividly. There are at least six kinds of structural metaphor in economic reports: metaphor of war, metaphor of machine, metaphor of road, metaphor of sports, metaphors of building and metaphor of stage performance. Orientation metaphor in economic reports means using the concepts of orientation, such as up and down, inside and outside, etc. to describe some behaviors or activities in economic field. As regards ontological metaphor, people are used to regard abstract expressions as entity. Personifying ome concepts is a common way of using ontological metaphor. Economic reports are abundant with ontological metaphors: metaphor of vessels, metaphor of bubbles, metaphor of temperature, etc.

The natural and human sciences Essay Example For Students

The natural and human sciences Essay Similarly to the issue of creationism versus evolution, disagreements between the two differing perspectives are unlikely to aid in the pursuit of knowledge as a whole. The productivity of the disagreement relies upon the basis of each individuals argument, therefore when the basis of the arguments are so different, for example using emotion rather than reason and evidence, the efficiency of the disagreement decreases rapidly. The pursuit of knowledge exists regardless of whether it is strived towards or accidental, and is present in the natural sciences or human sciences. We will write a custom essay on The natural and human sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It can be obtained through new discoveries or increased improvements on previous theories and may be contested regardless of its status in the scientific community. In the natural and human sciences disagreements may arise from a variety of different avenues, such as emotional responses to theories and laws as well as logical reasoning which dispute the evidence throughout scientific experiments. It is possible that disagreements may create negative results on discoveries and hinder the pursuit of knowledge, this is prominent in the issue of creationism versus evolution. Whilst negative effects of disagreements are possible, there may also be positive outcomes, which arise from detrimental events or the exposure of new ideas and perspectives that become apparent due to disagreements. Regardless of the form of disagreement and its outcome, they are present in every day discussions within these two fields of science and each side must work towards the same goal if concessions are to be reached, only then may disagreements aid in the pursuit of knowledge. Sources Atomic Bomb. History. History Channel, n. d. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. http://www. history. co. uk/explore-history/ww2/atomic-bomb. html. Nicozisin, Fr. George. Creationism Versus Evolution. Orthodox Research Institute. Orthodox Research Institute, n. d. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. http://www. orthodoxresearchinstitute. org/articles/dogmatics/nicozisin_creationism. htm. Redd, Nola Taylor. Einsteins Theory of General Relativity. Space. com.

Prometheus †The Fire-Bringer in Greek Mythology

Prometheus - The Fire-Bringer in Greek Mythology The term philanthropist is a perfect term for the great titan of Greek mythology, Prometheus. He loved us. He helped us. He defied the other gods and suffered for us. (No wonder he looks Christ-like in the painting.) Read what the stories from Greek mythology tell us about this benefactor of mankind. Prometheus is famous for a couple of seemingly unrelated stories: (1) the gift of fire to mankind and (2) being chained to a rock where every day an eagle came to eat his liver. There is a connection, however, and one that shows why Prometheus, the father of the Greek Noah, was called the benefactor of mankind. Gift of Fire to Mankind Zeus sent most of the Titans to Tartarus to punish them for fighting against him in the Titanomachy, but since second-generation Titan Prometheus had not sided with his aunts, uncles, and brother Atlas, Zeus spared him. Zeus then assigned Prometheus the task of forming man from water and earth, which Prometheus did, but in the process, became fonder of men than Zeus had anticipated. Zeus didnt share Prometheus feelings and wanted to prevent men from having power, especially over fire. Prometheus cared more for man than for the wrath of the increasingly powerful and autocratic king of the gods, so he stole fire from Zeus lightning, concealed it in a hollow stalk of fennel, and brought it to man. Prometheus also stole skills from Hephaestus and Athena to give to man. As an aside, Prometheus and Hermes, considered trickster gods, both have a claim to the gift of fire. Hermes is credited with discovering how to produce it. Prometheus and the Form of Ritual Sacrifice The next stage in Prometheus career as the benefactor of mankind came when Zeus and he were developing the ceremonial forms for animal sacrifice. The astute Prometheus devised a sure-fire way to help man. He divided the slaughtered animal parts into two packets. In one was the ox-meat and innards wrapped up in the stomach lining. In the other packet were the ox-bones wrapped up in its own rich fat. One would go to the gods and the other to the humans making the sacrifice. Prometheus presented Zeus with a choice between the two, and Zeus took the deceptively richer appearing: the fat-encased, but inedible bones. Next time someone says dont judge a book by its cover, you may find your mind wandering to this cautionary tale. As a result of Prometheus trick, forever after, whenever man sacrificed to the gods, he would be able to feast on the meat, so long as he burned the bones as an offering for the gods. Zeus Gets Back at Prometheus Zeus responded by hurting the ones Prometheus loved most, his brother and the humans. Prometheus Continues to Defy Zeus Prometheus was still not awed by the might of Zeus and continued to defy him, refusing to warn him of the dangers of the nymph Thetis (future mother of Achilles). Zeus had tried punishing Prometheus through his loved ones, but this time, he decided to punish him more directly. He bade Hephaestus (or Hermes) chain Prometheus to Mount Caucasus where an eagle/vulture ate his ever-regenerating liver each day. This is the topic of Aeschylus tragedy Prometheus Bound and many paintings. Eventually, Hercules rescued Prometheus, and Zeus and the Titan were reconciled. The Human Race and the Great Flood Meanwhile, Prometheus had sired the human man named Deucalion, one of the noble couple whom Zeus had spared when he caused the creatures of the earth to be destroyed by a flood. Deucalion was married to his cousin, the human woman Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. During the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha stayed safely on a boat like Noahs ark. When all the other evil humans had been destroyed, Zeus caused the waters to recede so that Deucalion and Pyrrha could land on Mount Parnassus. While they had each other for company, and they could produce new children, they were lonely and sought help from the oracle of Themis. Following the oracles advice, they threw stones over their shoulders. From those thrown by Deucalion sprang men and from those thrown by Pyrrha came women. Then they had their own child, a boy whom they called Hellen and after whom the Greeks were named Hellenes.

Journals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journals - Research Paper Example The problem of decision making that requires an individual to balance between good and bad. While good is not very promising, bad is neither the best option. This signifies a life situation that requires concrete decision making on serious issues. Such situations require an individual to compromise on one aspect or the other, yet the aspect to compromise is not as clear. Visualizing clearly the right decision to make troubles this person. He thinks of taking both opportunities, but there is only one option at a time. Taking either option would mean no opportunity to take the second. However, in every confusing situation, there is always a more promising option. Regardless of how complex the situation in life can be, there is always a better way out. The confused individual looks at both options carefully and takes the best, hoping to try the other, if life allows a chance. This is a poem depicting real life, informing people that compromising situation must occur, and calling for peo ple to ponder more and be decisive. There is more to life than just love. This poem is about the reality of life, telling people that love is not the ultimate solution to the challenges we have, yet it is the most important thing for man. There is a great irony in this poem. First, the impression of the title and the first sentence makes us believe that love is worthless, since it cannot supply man with the very basics of this life. However, this notion changes as the poem progresses, and we come to realize that love is in fact everything. Love is the most coveted thing by man, which overshadows everything else. Many people will not value anything else other than love. Even though an individual may have everything they need in life, all the treasures, all the comfort, all the possessions; lack of someone to love them will make all those meaningless. Love could be there, but people shall always need food and shelter. Love could be there but people still

Humans Rights - World Torture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Humans Rights - World Torture - Essay Example Nagan and Atkins (2001) inform that torture was not always a defined prohibition in international, national and regional legal regimes. On the contrary, historically, social order dictated that those who were charged with the responsibility of engineering the social order were willing to â€Å"use torture as an instrument† for exercising â€Å"effective control over others† (p. 92). Complicating matters, elements of culture, religion and ideology supported the use of torture by those in power. As a result torture was previously implicitly tolerated as necessary for promoting and safeguarding the larger interest of society. As Nagan and Atkins (2001) explain: ...the predisposition to torture requires for its efficacy that it be displaced on public enemies with a religious, cultural, or ideological mechanism of overt or tacit validation of an alleged community interest (usually public order, security, or law and order) (p. 92) At common law, torture was an established part of the legal process. It was used for the administration of oaths and proof of the truth of a matter could be established by the use of torture. The trial by ordeal stands as a manifestation of the historical support of the judicial use of torture. Langbein (2006) the use of â€Å"judicial torture† under the Roman-Cannon statutory regime which permitted â€Å"the use of physical coercion by offers of the state† for the purpose of gathering â€Å"evidence for judicial proceedings† (p. 3).... 92) At common law, torture was an established part of the legal process. It was used for the administration of oaths and proof of the truth of a matter could be established by the use of torture. The trial by ordeal stands as a manifestation of the historical support of the judicial use of torture. Langbein (2006) the use of â€Å"judicial torture† under the Roman-Cannon statutory regime which permitted â€Å"the use of physical coercion by offers of the state† for the purpose of gathering â€Å"evidence for judicial proceedings† (p. 3). State officials using torture pursuant to the truth and for maintaining the social order often rationalized the use of torture in other ways. It was largely believed that the tortured would be redeemed and thus experience some form of â€Å"moral cleansing† (Nagan and Atkins 2001, p. 92). Essentially, torture found currency with states on the basis that it was necessary for discovering the truth. The pain associated with t orture was also rationalized on the basis that it benefitted the tortured by providing â€Å"moral and spiritual† benefits (Nagan and Atkins 2001, p. 92). Waisel (2010) explains that torture was legal for â€Å"long periods of history† (p. 280). Foot (2009) identifies four primary reasons that torture was historically used as a legal instrument of social control and order. Firstly, torture was used by the state pursuant to an ideology that accepted that subhuman factions existed. For instance, Greeks and Romans believed that torture was the best method for abstracting truth from slaves. Secondly, torture was believed to be the best method for obtaining the truth. Thirdly, there was

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay

Work Group Performance And Satisfaction At Utp Management Essay For the purposes of completing on my report about work group, performance and satisfaction, I was selecting my workplace as a organization requirement to evaluate. My workplace is UTP. Base on references from www.utp.edu.my, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP) was established on January 10, 1997. UTP offers a wide range of engineering and technology programmes at undergraduate and postgraduate levels complemented with a strong focus on Research and Development. Due to assess of performance and satisfaction of a work group, I was selecting one of the UTPs department which is IT Multimedia Services Dept. or ITMS. Under ITMS dept, it has sub division called Information Technology and Facilities Operation, named as ITFO. Furthermore, ITFO has 3 work groups which consist of Inventory Management, Deployment Production and IT Helpdesk Training. These groups are classified as Formal Groups and characterized as Task Groups. All the said groups have interdependence from each other as illustrated in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1: ITFO Work Group: source: UTP ITMS Dept. 1.1 Explanation of work group, performance and satisfaction Based on reference from Wikipedia.com, the definition of work group is a group of people working together toward a common goal, also known as a  working group. Another definition of work group is a group which consists of two or more individual that interacts primarily to share information and to make decision to help each member perform within his or her area of responsibility. Work group have no need or opportunity to engage in collective work that requires joint effort. So their performance is merely the summation of each group members individual contribution. There is no positive synergy that would create an overall level of performance that is greater than sum of the input. (Robbins, 2004) With regard to Group Behaviour Model which I will elaborate later in this report, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. Effective groups are groups that have creative ideas, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes. Group members will be more involved with the group and goals of the organisation. As a manager, he or she need to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organisation. Elements that need extra attention are those involving people, organisation and the assigned task/s. A high degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members also has a positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members. 2.0 Five Components of GBM being practices from selected company Figure 2.1: Group Behaviour Model. Source: Robbins, S.P.(2003) Group Behavior Model or GBM as illustrated on figure 2.1 are the main components which are influencing to the performance and satisfaction levels of groups. I will explain each components of GBM where the company being practices. 2.1 An external condition is imposed on group Every work groups is influence by external conditions imposed by outside it. This external conditions include organizations overall strategy, the structure of authority, formal regulations, resources, employees selection process, performance appraisal and reward system, culture and workplace condition. Organizational Strategy, typically, overall strategy of the  organization  is usually determined  by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and how to achieve  these  goals.  For example,  they  can  direct the  organization  to reduce costs, improve  quality, etc. These  strategies  can  affect the  power of  the various  working groups, particularly in  determining  the resources  needed  to  carry out from them.  For example, termination of contract to IT maintenance vendor and UTPs employees need to take over. This action  will affect the  work group  which will  increase  their  anxiety  and further potential to  improve  the  internal  conflict. The organization has the authority structures that define who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions can be made by individuals or groups. This structure determines where a working group placed in a hierarchical organization, the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. Organization established rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms formal regulations to standardize the behavior of workers. The more rules formally applied to all workers, the more consistent and predictable behavior from them. Meanwhile, organizations resource such as money, time, materials, and other equipment have a major impact on group behavior. Some organizations have a lot of resources on which the employee obtained modern tools and equipment, sufficient and high quality. Organization with limited resources will affected of group activities. For employee selection process, A member of a work group is also a member of the organisation because the group is a part of the organisation. Accordingly, the criteria employed by the organisation for employee selection purposes will also be used to decide who becomes part of a group. Another variable that can affect all employees is the performance appraisal and reward system. The company provided specific, challenging and achievable goals. Reward will be given to both individual and groups for their achievement. Since groups are part of a bigger organisation, the behaviour of group members are also influenced by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. Each organization has their own culture in which it has defined standard behavior is acceptable and not acceptable to the employee. After a few months joining the organization, most employees will begin to understand the cultural practice in the organization. Group members are also part of the organization must follow dominant cultural practices of the organization although they have their own subculture. Subculture refers to a culture that received only adopted by certain groups within the organization. Finally, work group behaviour is also influenced by the workplace condition where condition of the workplace as provided by the organisation. Physical layout of employees work space, the location of equipment, etc are provided with amicable work environment. All these can simultaneously be obstructions and opportunities for the interaction of work groups. 2.2 Resources for Group Members Figure 2.2: General resources available to group members The potential level of achievement of the group is dependent on the resources carried by each member of the group. In this section, we will look at two sources generally highly significant, the ability of self and personality characteristics. Personal Capability means the knowledge, skills and abilities that exist in an individual. A large part of the groups performance can be predicted by assessing the knowledge and skills that exist in each of its members. It is true, even though a group of players who are moderate, but because the best coach, team spirit is high, they can finally beat a group of players much better. But this does not always happen. Evidence shows that there is a positive correlation between good interpersonal skills and group achievement. This refers to the management and resolution of conflict, cooperation in problem solving and communication skills. According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. Many  studies  about personality traits have shows that  there is  a  clear  relationship between the characteristics personality  and attitude  and  behavior of  the group.  The properties  have a  positive relationship  with our culture  also  showed  a positive relationship  with productivity, morale and  closeness  or  solidarity  groups.  These features  also  include features  such as  easily hang out,  take initiative,  openness, and  flexibility.  On the other hand,  negative features  such as  authoritarianism, dominant, and  not  according to  custom (unconventionality)  showed  a negative relationship  with productivity, morale  and the closeness of  the group.  These  personality traits  affect  the performance of the  group  by the way  people interact  with  other  members of  the  group. 2.3 Group Structure The working group has a structure that could form the behavior of group members. It also enables the majority of individual behavior and group performance groups described and predicted. The structure of the group include formal leadership, roles, norms, group status, group size, composition and the degree of closeness of the group. (Please refer Appendix for the main Group Structure and function of ITMS dept.) (a) Formal Leadership Nearly all work groups have a formal leader. ITMS dept has managers, supervisors, project leader and head of a particular committee such as ITFO. Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has his/her own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying his/her position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within his/her different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. (c) Norms All groups have established norms. These norms, which strongly influence work behavior was defined as acceptable standards of behavior. An effective work group will establish norms on quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others. (d) Group Status Status is a socially defined position or rank given to groups or group members by others. Awarding of status can influence the behavior of groups. ITFO practicing the title hold of the workgroups leaders are depending of staff grade such as grade ST3 in level 2 and ST2 and ST1 at level 1 (figure 1.1). (e) Group Size Smaller groups are more productive than larger ones. On the other hand, larger groups deal better with problem solving since more ideas are put forth. ITFO is a small group that consists of 3 to 6 members of each workgroups. (f) Group Composition Most group of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. When the group consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences, the greater the chances are for that group to accomplish its task successfully. Heterogeneous groups are more effective compared with homogeneous ones because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, it is also worth noting that both heterogeneous and homogeneous groups have their own strengths and weaknesses. (g) Cohesiveness ITFO workgroups are differ in their level of cohesiveness, which is the degree of members being attracted to each other and are motivated to stay in the group. For instance, some work groups are cohesive because the members have spent a great deal of time together, the groups small size facilitates high interaction or the group has experienced external threats, which has resulted in its members becoming very close. Cohesiveness is important since it has proven to be positive towards the productivity of a group. 2.4 Group Processes Figure 2.3: General resources available to group members When the working group in which each member contributions are not clear, there is a tendency for individuals to reduce effort. In other words, social loafing describes the loss of certain processes as a result the group. However, the processes also can produce results positive such as the group could produce output exceeds input used. Heterogeneous group are potential to generate various creative alternatives. Figure 2.3 and 2.4 illustrated the resource of group members and effects of group process. Figure 2.4: Effects of group processes. Source: Adapted from Robbins (2003). 2.5 Group Task Tasks can be classified as either simple or complex. A standard task or routine is usually simple. A complex task is usually unusual as not in the norm and is seldom carried out. With simple or routine, group members simply need to follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives. Similarly, group members need to interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. Group performance relies on effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 3.0 Evaluation of the 5 components of GBM in UTP organization All evaluation findings are based on personal interview and observation from the members of the ITFO work group (figure 1.1). The evaluations resulted were obtained without difficulties because selected company is my workplace and I am one of the members of ITFO work group. These are the evaluations findings based on the GBM model: 3.1 An external condition is imposed on group. a) Organizational Strategy Overall strategy of the  organization  is usually  determined by top management. They  have  developed  the organizational goals  and  how  to achieve  these goals.  For example,  UTP has reduced costs of operation instead of hired outsource to organized convocation ceremony by build a certain group to handle it. ITFO group is formed to support such event directly. b) Authority structures Is defined who reports to whom, who make decisions, and the types of decisions are clearly stated to groups members. This structure was cleared to ITFO to follow hierarchical organization (figure 1.1), the formal leader of a group, and as well as formal relationships between the groups. UTP has established standard rules, procedures, policies, job descriptions and other forms. c) Formal Regulations UTP has employee regulation and personal conduct which is cleared to all employees. Its help to the company to determine group behaviour. d) Organizations Resource It found that, money is the major concern need to pay attention. such as when group request budget which is required from the task like purchase high end computer to accelerate particular job, it always take longer time to approve. Thus, activities of the group will effect. e) Employee Selection Process ITFO has selected member to enter the group is within UTPs staff and recommended by ITMS managers. f) Performance Appraisal and Reward System. The UTP management provides specific, challenging and achievable goals such as, become Research University in 2013 and also practiced cleared mention about Performance Appraisal and Reward System. Behavior of group members is influence by the manner in which organizations appraise a certain task that has been achieved and the kind of behavior that is rewarded. g) Culture. The ITFO followed the UTP standard culture which has no obstacle to be effective work group. All members are Muslim and also most of UTP Top management. Thus, culture is same among them. h) Workplace Condition UTP has provided better and amicable employees work environment. The opportunity for the interaction for the all work groups is excellence. 3.2 Resources for Group Members a) Personal Capability- According to the ITFO group members, the manager has been selecting each member following their skill and capability. For example, group of IT Helpdesk and Training (figure 1.1) is consist of capable members who are able to develop System Helpdesk and maintain. They have strong programming language. b) Personality Traits ITFO manager and supervisor which are support level and level 3 (figure 1.1) has determined each members from level 2 and 1 are based on personality trait. For example of some members which have lack of communication skill are not really suitable in Deployment and Production which is required good communication skill to interact outside from the groups. 3.3 Group Structure (a) Formal Leadership ITFO Leaders play an important role in the success of a group. (b) Roles Each member of a work group has their own role to play with a set of expected behavior patterns accompanying their position and responsibilities within the group. It found that, each person of ITFO have more than one role to play at any given time within their different groups. Beside of ITFO task, the members from level 2 and 1 (figure 1.1) have their main job such as computer lab administration. From the evaluation made, the level acceptance and satisfaction of tasks are moderate. (c) Norms In terms of quality, punctuality, absenteeism, safety, honesty in giving ideas and others, it was found the situations of all characteristic is fare, which means there are no big issue arise in the group. (d) Group Size It found that, the ITFO group size is acceptable to the tasks requirement. (e) Group Composition All group members of ITMS and ITFO have their skill and knowledge. It consists of various personalities gender, age, education level and experiences. Heterogeneous groups such ITFO IT Helpdesk and Deployment groups are more effective compared with homogeneous such as Inventory Management sub group because they possess more abilities, skills, and information as a result of having members from a variety of backgrounds. However, each group members have their own strengths and weaknesses. (f) Cohesiveness It found that, cohesiveness among ITFO is excellence because they interact well each other and the tasks given which is interrelated flows effectively. For example, the IT Helpdesk assigned task such as troubleshoot customer (lecturer) computer problem to the Deployment Production group. The result found they are easily interacts each other without conflict. 3.4 Group Processes ITFO work group has formed base on decision made from Support Level and Level 3 in figure 1.1. The main objective is to accelerate and give better IT Media services to UTP organisation. Based on the result since a year ITFO been established, effectiveness of the work group is still being monitored by ITMS manager. Support level has claimed that, there is positive movement in terms of efficiency of task given. For example, Deployment Production group (figure 1.1) has given task on migration of new computer laboratory instead of the custodian of the laboratory do their own migration which is consumed longer time and more effort. 3.5 Group Task Result from the findings, it found, with a simple or routine task, group members did well in term of follow the standard procedure in performing the task without the need to discuss the alternatives such as, how to log user problem in the Helpdesk system or how to install MS Office to the user computer. Similarly, group members have interact more often if the degree of task dependency is high. For example, available version of software like MATLAB cant be installed to the new OS computer. Thus, ITFO work group (inventory management and Deployment group) need to work together to find alternative and decision have to be made. Group performance of ITFO is having effective communication and minimum level of conflict among members. 4.0 Workgroups Performance and Satisfaction Based on the Group Behavior Model which I was elaborated above, can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organisation. From the findings, ITFO it closely to be an effective group due to the creative ideas among members, accomplish their tasks and can adapt to any changes such as IT revolution. As a IT manager on Support level in figure 1.1, he was able to see and assess the strategies required to develop effective groups in an organization. For example, he encourages the workgroups member to attend suitable training to particular area of their expertise such as inventory management system to the inventory management workgroup. Nevertheless, the level 3 (figure 1.1) need extra attention in cohesiveness matter to their subordinate group which resulted less cohesiveness. Then, a degree of understanding between the group leader and his/her members is moderate. For example, biasness occurred and favorable practices. If the situation can be eliminate, positive effect on the performance and satisfaction of group members will increase. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation to improve performance and satisfaction From the findings, it concluded that, better GBM approaches from selected company can lead members of a group towards developing effective groups where it can improve performance and satisfaction of its members and ensure success of the organization. External condition imposed on the group such as better performance appraisal and reward system is the most concerned into effectiveness of the work group performance and satisfaction. These are the three recommendations on how to improve performance satisfaction from the selected company: a) The performance appraisal and reward system from the company can be said stated clearly, but the result at the end is not the same of what members group has expected. Thus, misjudge about performance evaluation of the particular group must be eliminate and required accuracy. b) Cohesiveness of superior and support level 3 (figure 1.1) to their subordinate group members must be strength. According to Robbins (2004) Cohesiveness is importance because it has been found to be related to the groups productivity. To strengthen cohesiveness, the leader must frequently meet groups member such as conduct meeting twice a month, or involved external activity such as team building and sport event. c) From the findings, group task of each work group is claimed to be bias from certain member. For example, Deployment Production work group perceived that their task load is heavy compared to Inventory Management. Thus, leader must clearly state about task segregation and be balanced to each work groups member due to workgroup productivity and job satisfaction. Total number of words: 3387 References Dr. Faizuniah Pangil, Dr. Fais Ahmad, Dr. Ooi Yeng Keat, Hanisah A. Razak, Naslina Zakaria, Zulufli Aziz, Ruhana Busu, Assoc Prof Dr. Husna Johari (2010). BBGO4103 Organisational Behaviour. (2nd Edition). Meteor Doc. Sdn. Bhd. Selangor Darul Ehsan. Robbins, Stephen P (2003). Organizational Behavior (10th ed.). Pearson Educational, Incorporated. Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J. G., Osborn, R. N. (2003). Organizational Behavior (8th ed.). USA: Wiley, John Sons, Incorporated. Collela, A., Hitt, M., Miller, C. (2006). Organisational behaviour: A strategic approach. USA: John Wiley Sons, Inc. Whai is workgroup. (n.d). Retrieved March 3, 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workgroup

Translating Transgender: A laymans guide to the least-known minority E

Translating Transgender: A layman's guide to the least-known minority Who hasn't been told to "just be yourself and people will like you?" It seems like such a simple notion. But what if being yourself could lead to harassment, rejection, isolation, unemployment, homelessness, physical violence, or even death? Not so simple anymore, is it? Sadly, this situation is one that confronts transgendered people worldwide on a daily basis. Laurie Johnson*, a tall, robust Fall River resident who underwent male-to-female sex reassignment surgery in 1998, says that she can hardly leave her house without being hassled. "The discrimination and harassment are almost constant when I'm 'dressed,'" she says. "I've heard total strangers comment 'Is that a man or a woman?'. I've been denied service at a bank because they claimed I was wearing a 'disguise.' I tried to attend a business school where they required students to wear business attire. I was asked to leave the first day because I was 'disrupting the classes' simply by being there." Sadly, Johnson's experiences are not uncommon. Many transgendered people, "dressed" or not, report encountering such discrimination and difficulties in their day-to-day lives, a lot of which can be largely attributed to the fact that, despite the great progress that has been made on the gender front, the general public is still largely uneducated about the transgendered lifestyle. While the gay and lesbian movements have come to the forefront of our national consciousness as a result of the recent gay marriage controversy, the transgender movement has remained somewhat in the shadows. Indeed, the transgender culture is probably the least talked about, most commonly misunderstood minority in... ...owed up and talked to them for a while, then wrote a nice story but her editor squashed it because of the ad revenue they get from that chain. They don't usually bother me anymore, unless they have a new security worker." More than anything, when speaking of life as a transsexual, Johnson says she just wishes people would understand that "transsexuals are just like everyone else in the world except when it comes to sex and gender. We can be generous or greedy, kind or cruel, loving or bigoted. Statistically, we're smarter than the general population and, on average, more law abiding." "I would just like to be left alone," she says. Justin Clemente has a slightly different outlook on things. "If (as a society) we can't accept each other, how can we accept ourselves?" he says. "Diversity is honestly the spice of life, and with no spice, life SUCKS!"

Mobile Money Transfer

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Mobile money transfer Mobile money transfer, also referred to as mobile money, mobile  payment, and mobile wallet generally refer to payment services operated under  financial regulations and performed from or via a  mobile device. Instead of paying with cash, cheque, or credit cards, a consumer can use a mobile phone to pay for a wide range of services and digital or hard goods. Although the concept of using non-coin-based currency systems has a long history,  it is only recently that the technology to support such systems has become widely available.Similarly, Julia s. cheney defined mobile financial services from her paper examination of mobile banking and mobile payments as follows â€Å"Mobile financial services is a term applied to a range of financial activities conducted using mobile devices, such as cellular phones or personal digital assistants. These activities fall into two broad categories: mobile banking and mobile payments. Mobile banking allows bank customers to check balances, monitor transactions, obtain other account information, transfer funds, locate branches or ATMs, and, sometimes, pay bills. In the United States, depository institutions' mobile banking platforms rely on one or a combination of the following three strategies: SMS text messaging, browser-based programs, or downloadable mobile-banking applications. The term mobile payments refers to payment transactions initiated or confirmed using a person's mobile cellular phone or personal digital assistant. These may be such things as making a purchase at the point of sale, sending money to a person or a business, or purchasing a product or service remotely. Mobile payments generally fall into two categories. Those made at the point of sale are called â€Å"proximity payments† and are typically initiated using NFC technology. Mobile â€Å"remote payments,† on the other hand, are not transmitted by NFC but rather require payments to be initiated and settled through the mobile cellular phone network in combination with an associated payment network. These payments may involve person-to-person, person-to-business, or business-to-business payments and rely on SMS text messaging, wireless Internet technology, or a downloaded application in order to execute the payment.Mobile payment is being adopted all over the world in different ways (wirelessintelligence.com) (erricson.com 2011). In 2008, the combined market for all types of mobile payments was projected to reach more than $600B globally by 2013 (juniper research 2013),  which would be double the figure as of February, 2011 (bonsoni.com 2011). The mobile payment market for goods and services, excluding contactless  near field communication  or NFC transactions and money transfers, is expected to exceed $300B globally by 2013 (juniper research 2013). In  developing countries  mobile payment solutions have been deployed as a means of extending financial services to the community known as the â€Å"unbanked† or â€Å"under banked,† which is estimated to be as much as 50% of the world's adult population, according to Financial Access' 2009 Report â€Å"Half the World is Unbanked† (financialAccess.org 2009). These payment networks are often used for  micropayments.  The use of mobile payments in developing countries has attracted public and private funding by organizations such as the  Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation,  United States Agency for International Development  and  Mercy Corps.Mobile financial services cover a â€Å"broad range of financial activities that Consumers engage in or access using their mobile phones† (Boyd and Jacob, 2007:6). They can be classified into three separate categories: mobile banking (m?banking), Mobile money transfer (m?money transfer), and mobile payments (m?payments) (GSMA, 2008a). M?banking is subsumed under the larger category of electronic banking.Electronic banking (e?banking) refers to â€Å"the provision of retail and small value banking products and services through electronic channels. These include deposit taking, lending, account management, the provision of financial advice, electronic bill payment and the provision of other electronic payment products and services such as electronic money† (Basel 1998:3). As a form of e?banking, m?banking is defined as:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦financial services delivered via mobile networks and performed on a mobile phone. These services may or may not be defined as banking services by the regulator, depending on the legislation of the country in question, as well as on which services are offered.† (Bà ¥ngens and Sà ¶derberg 2008: 7).Porteous (2006) further explains that mobile banking can either be additive or transformational. For the former type, m?banking is considered an additional channel for existing clients to access banking services; in the transformational category, however, it targets clients who do not have bank accounts, aiming to include them into the formal banking system. (Bà ¥ngens and Sà ¶derberg 2008). Money, on the other hand, is a form of electronic money. Electronic money refers to â€Å"stored value or prepaid payment mechanisms for executing payments via point of sale terminals, direct transfers between two devices, or over the computer networks, such as the Internet. Stored value products include hardware or card based mechanisms (electronic purses or wallets), and software or network based cash (also called digital cash)† (Basel, 1998:3?4). M? money then refers to â€Å"services that connect consumers financially through mobile phones. Mobile money allows for any mobile phone subscriber – whether banked or unbanked – to deposit value into their mobile account, send value via a simple handset to another mobile subscriber, and allow the recipient to turn that value back into cash easily and cheaply† (GSMA, 2009:7). In this way, m?money can be used for both transfers and payments. In fact, m?money is generally used in m?payments and m?money transfers rather than for m?banking. As such, m?money does not earn interest compared to bank deposits. This ensures that all e?cash (of which m?money is one) dispensed and circulating corresponds to actual funds in the system. This helps the central banks track movements in money supply1 (Mapa, 2009). With this, m?money cannot be used for savings and cannot be lent by m?money service providers (Sec 5.C and D of Circular 649) (BSP 2009). However, whether these funds should not earn interest has been questioned by some, especially when the funds that are pooled to back?up the issued e?money can be deposited in a prudentially regulated institution or invested in â€Å"lower?risk† securities (Tarazi, 2009).Thus far, the use of m?money has primarily been transactional, such as payment of bills (including payment conversion of m?money to electronic loads), transfer of funds. In microfinance, for instance, the system has largely been utilized to transfer and pay loans.Mobile banking models:Lyman et.al. (2006) makes two distinctions of branchless banking: bank led Non?bank commercial actors. This was further expanded by Goswami & Raghavendran (2009) by breaking down mobile banking variants into 5 models based on how they partner up with telecommunication providers: (1) carriers going solo, (2) banks going solo, (3) exclusive bank and telecom partnership, (4) bank telecom open partnership, and (5) open federation model. These variations indicate that there is much innovation occurring with respect to delivering m?banking/m?money services. Although innovation is important, at some point, standardization would be needed to support interoperability that would enhance services among customers (GSMA, 2008a). In fact, of the five models mentioned, the open federation model is considered by Goswami & Raghavendran (2009) as the most flexible and dynamic since it allows for a partnership between all banks and telecom companies while sharing a common platform for m? banking. The platform then expands the coverage of mobile banking and gives the unbanked a freedom to choose with whom to maintain an account. The other implication of the variety of existing models is that it creates different regulatory arrangements depending on the nature of partnerships between telecommunication carriers and financial institutions. In the case of SMART Money in the Philippines, for instance, the banking regulations have complied with by its banking partner, whereas the telecommunications aspect is addressed by the telecommunications provider. A regulatory distinction however occurs once there is e?money issuance by a telecommunication company or non?bank entity through the telecommunications operator (Lyman, et al. 2006), as was the case with Globe Telecom's G?Cash. In both cases, they had to work with financial regulators on banking regulations it was not previously concerned with. Mobile phone payments is a popular and most preferable way of sending and receiving money in Africa since the vast majority of the continents' population are ruler dwellers or uneducated (Ayo, Ukpere, Oni, Ometo, & Akinsiko, 2012; Mangudla, 2012). The concept of mobile money transfer dates back to the history of telecommunication and banking industries. There are collaborations between the two industries for the facilitation of MMT service (Ayo et.al, 2012). M-PESA was the first MMT service in Africa, which was introduced by Safaricom of Kenya (A Vodafone partner) in 2007. M-PESA (M refers to mobile, and PESA refers money in Swahili language) can be accessed from the different outlets such as the headquarter, main branches of the company, or an authorized business outlet. Safaricom registered over 20, 000 consumers for M-PESA within the first month of introducing the service (Hughes & Lonie, 2007), and the number reached more than 15 million users of MMT in Kenya after five years of launching (Michaels, 2011). He contends that there are several factors behind the wide adoption and acceptance of this service by the users including rapid migration to cities for work, a significant unbanked number of the populace, the credibility of the service provider, and finally their commitment towards families in home villages. Therefore, as asserted by Hughes & Lonie, (2007), the M-PESA is primarily designed for the unbanked populace in Kenya. The MMT also was later introduced in several African countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Ghana, Somalia among others. The success of these services in South Africa and Ghana were less than the Kenya's M-PESA success (Tobbin, 2010). MMT IN SOMALIA:MMT service in Somalia was first introduced by GOLIS , HORMUD and TELESOM telecommunication companies working with puntland, south central Somalia and Somaliland respectively. SAHAL and ZAAD money transfer was the first product; however, EVC, the hormud version of MMT, was banned by al-Shabab Group. The hormud company later introduced a more advanced service named EVC Plus. Other telecommunication service providers later offered similar products with different brands. For example, Nation link offer E-MAAL and somtel offers E-DAHAB services respectively. The lack of effective government in Somalia affected the necessities of the life and the telecommunication industry filled the governmental gap by introducing revolutionary technologies (Osman, 2012). The industry provides several services such landline, mobile phones, internet and mobile banking. The mobile banking or what we can refer to mobile money transfer is very popular in the most sophisticated and active people in Africa with regard to mobile phone payment (Osman, 2012).Many diverse factors contribute to the adoption and acceptance of these MMT services in Somalia. One major reason is that the banking systems in the country are very limited. In addition, there is much risk for caring cash since the country is still politically unstable and recovering from more than two decades of chaos and civil war (Mohamed, 2013). There are huge remittances sent by the Somali Diaspora back home to their families, friends, relatives, or business associates. There is also huge migration to the major cities because of economic crisis, famine, droughts, and job seeking. All these factors can contribute to the acceptance and usage of MMT service by the Somalis as they were behind its usage in other countries especially in Africa. There are limited empirical studies on the state of art of MMT adoption in the country. Sayid, Echchabi, and Abd. Aziz (2012) examined the mobile money acceptance in Somalia by drawing on the TAM model. Sayid et.al's (2012) study suggested that perceived usefulness and security positively affected the attitude towards mobile banking, whereas social influence and perceived usefulness significantly and positively influenced the intention to accept mobile money. Furthermore, their study suggested that perceived ease of use had positive effect on perceived usefulness of mobile money. Sayid et.al's (2012) sample size was very small (N=100) which is difficult to draw a statistical conclusion from it. In addition, this study looked at the MMT in a broader scope. However, their study provided useful insights about the factors influencing the acceptance and adoption of MMT in the country.The current study will examine the trends, challenge and future of mobile money transfer and banking in puntland. The study will focus sahal service as particular as there is no such in depth analysis in this service before. This service has 597,000 sahal service active subscribers which do mobile money services across puntland, similarly it has 86,000 active mobile payment subscribers which use sahal payment as their first choice paybills.The study will focus on these customers, the regulation and the mobile network operators to study the trends, challenges and future of this service.