Comparison Between American And Indian Companies Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1434 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Despite the fact that a lot of studies about human resource management (HRM) puts into practice in either American or else India can be found, most of these are public focused. Comparative studies concerning these two culturally different countries along with investigating similarities or differences between human resource management practices are insufficient. However, we found that Lawler, Edward, (2009), disclosed for companies in the American as well as other similar industrialized Western countries, performance-based payment systems have long been the undisputed way to take in compensation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparison Between American And Indian Companies Business Essay" essay for you Create order This paper aims to investigate effective payment system practices of American along with other Indian companies. At the same time, also we find with the purpose of compensation may be adjusted according the business needs, goals, and available resources a mechanism by which a person attempts to make up for some real or imagined failing of personality or behavior by developing or stressing another indication of the personality or by substituting a different set of behavior. When we have to go deep in such situation that Unites States companies spend more on compensation than their offshore competitors does not necessarily give them at a significant cost disadvantage, but it does unnecessarily lower earnings and may lower shareholder value. A more serious problem exists as per Suri, Shweta, (2007), in United States corporations with compensation costs that are too high relative toward their universal in addition to their domestic competitors. They certainly are wasting money. For most of American companies, the challenge is to find the right combination of base pay, besides bonuses, as well stock, in addition to deferred compensation as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996), that will attract and sustain top performers no easy undertaking. Indeed, packages often need to be complicated along with carefully designed in order to be effective. On the other hand Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) found that It takes a pretty multifaceted collection of short as well as long-term incentives, which requires cash as well as stock vehicles tied toward the staff as well as the companys business. Literature Review: Pay system is a management instrument that enables such business firm to control personnel cost, besides increase employee morale, in addition to trim work force turnover as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996). A regular pay system provides a wealth of productive individuals for their contributions toward the success of such business firm. In this regards we got to know that Lawler, Edward, (2009), illustrated that United States has the limitation of collective bargaining in addition to consent toward labor regulation. Most of theses business firms comprise to stand for all the way through the outcomes of cooperative bargaining accordingly parting them with extraordinarily little flexibility toward implement performance based pay. Therefore, business enterprises pay structure is a clear indication of such compensation philosophy and strategy. However, we can find in many areas of developed logically and communicated effectively, some business enterprises pay structure is a instrument that sta ff may perceive and understand. Moreover, we can say when it is said that this is important because recent studies show that understanding a business enterprises compensation strategy guide employees satisfaction with their compensation. Moreover, Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) said that the biggest challenge such a business firm might encounter when inventing a pay package distresses how it might have an effect on staff motivation. In some respects, as per Suri, Shweta, (2007), the way in which compensation affects initiative is quite painless as well as straightforward: Individuals tend along with honor also how valued the award might be. Alternatively, we noticed that such a thing was illustrated by Lawler, Edward, (2009), boards should develop principles in addition to objectives to take decisions. Also there are another point has to be clarified that pay should agree that of competitors. As per the illustration of Erwee, Ronel, (2008), It ought to reproduce performance comp arative toward the rivalry higher when a business firm carry out others as well as lower when it under such performance On the other part of the same story, American companies, in contrast, had severe pay scales, no matter how well or badly they were performing. Seeing that it has been known widely through Lawler, Edward, (2009), that they desired a better amount of elasticity in return. Moreover, we note also that United States managers use performance appraisals more extensively to assess current along with future training needs of their employees. Nevertheless, some American companies expend energy toward periodically sidestep the hard labor acts to make additional wage elasticity, but the majority are ensnared in contractual requirements that govern the terms of payment, besides wages along with other employee benefits. For example as per Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) employers are obliged to pay extra Christmas pay toward all employees moreover employees are entitled toward 3 0 days paid Holiday leave every year. The Indian Situation: The compensation strategies of the American along with Indian companies fund performance based pay practices toward some extent. Although as per Erwee, Ronel, (2008), This leads toward differences in income between high as well as low performers. Also here we can add that Lawler, Edward, (2009), said Indian firms tend to have a relatively higher performance attitude furthermore American over as well as above Indian managers prefer pay practices that foster personal along with group performance. Therefore, we can say that due to economic development Indian corporations not only generate more jobs but also facade a higher level of staff wearing away. More than a few business firms, specially in communication in addition to information technology based industries are bound to give attractive compensation packages above industry averages to retain their skilled workers. Additionally, Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) illustrated that the entry of foreign firms, with superior compensation pu ts into practice encourage local enterprise firms to go after outfit. However, such Human Resources policies of Indian private sector organizations increasingly use cash payments as wages. We found in this regards as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996), that Indian managers, less individualistic in order to protect for reviewing the performance of individuals to settle on their eventual profitability. Such companies are utilizing performance appraisals to find out income levels as well as identify strengths along with weaknesses of employees in order to develop career development in addition to treatment under-performance through adequate training programmes. Since Further, as per Erwee, Ronel, (2008), performance appraisals in this article also fulfill some extra purposes. For instance, they do something as a way for staff to express their feelings along with concerns toward their immediate supervisors moreover to facilitate discussions between individuals as well as decision makers. Al so here one more thing that can be added that one issue is the effect of the employee rank in Indian corporations. It may be linked toward collectivist cultures where elders are treated with respect as well as regards, irrelevant of their personal in addition to professional traits. Seniority in collective cultures could argue team harmony. However, Majumdar ,Shyamal, (2009) disclosed that the most of the Indian firms activate in non government sectors facing fierce competition like the American companies and yet adhere toward such this pay policy. Conversely, the current international financial crises have been hit the pay system at India; job loss as well as pay cuts; employees all over India take something to cheer about. As Suri, Shweta, (2007), sad that the corporate finance recovering after the lousy economy slowdown, the companies are gearing to pay their employees with bonus in addition to pay hikes. Conclusion: A conclusion is that performance appraisals along with pay practices do not differ significantly in the individual Indian as well as American companies, as per Ahn, Hee Tak, (1996), moreover that their managers believe these Human Resources practices as of key importance in both countries. On the other words, in a thriving the India country economy, business may be underneath difficulty to improve their benefit packages to attract and retain a skilled workforce. However, Lawler, Edward, (2009), find out that in the slower growing United States economy, where unceasing unemployment is apparent in all phases of jobs as well as professions, however, managers cannot be self-satisfied about performance appraisals or even pay observation. As we can add here that he straightforward conclusion is the one reached through some Indian companies: performance stranded pay is a meager in shape for Indian business culture. We wonder to find that Erwee, Ronel, (2008), if such raised problems are distinctly different from the problems that outbreak some American companies: poor system implementation in addition to management. Finally, as mentioned earlier, a well-structured along with handling performance associated compensation plan is a successful state as per Suri, Shweta, (2007),: The structure functions further professionally, at the same time as the staff take pleasure in additional enjoyable work, furthermore perhaps more enjoyable earnings.

Media Coverage on Presidential Candidates - 1194 Words

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The Belgian Blue Essay - 1568 Words

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Conceptual Metaphor free essay sample

Traditionally, metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other, as in â€Å"He is a tiger†. It is a property of words, and is used for some artistic and rhetorical purpose. However, this view has been challenged recently by cognitive linguists (Liu Wen, 2012: 249). Cognitive linguists and philosophers have shown that metaphors are not just a way of expressing ideas by means of language, but powerful cognitive tools for our conceptualization of the world (Wang, 2011: 162). Cognitive linguists believe: â€Å"Metaphorical ideation is a kind of creative thinking ability that came to birth with the development of the human beings’ cognitive ability, it is the high-level stage of human beings’ cognitive development and especially it is necessary ability for human beings to observe abstract things. † (Zhao, 2001:102) Fauconnier (1998) points out that â€Å"mappings between domains are at the heart of the unique human cognitive faculty of producing, transferring, and processing meaning. Many abstract concepts are rganized with specific or well-known images by using metaphors. Metaphor in cognitive linguistics is a two-way affair: it can go from linguistic metaphor to conceptual metaphor or from conceptual to linguistic metaphor. For instance, cognitive linguists have used the abundant and systematic presence of metaphors in language as a basis for postulating the existence of conceptual metaphors, which illustrates the move from language to thought. Here is a whole series of conceptual metaphors which capture our thinking about ideas below. These are conceptual metaphors to the extent that they are abstractions of the ideas lying behind the common usage of such expressions as the following: Hes rich in ideas. That book is a treasure trove of ideas. He has a wealth of ideas. (cf. Gibbs, 1997: 1) 2. Conceptual metaphor Probably the most famous literature on metaphor is Lakoff and Johnsons conceptual metaphor theory. The publication of Metaphor We Live By in 1980 marked the beginning of modern research on metaphor with a cognitive perspective. This book proposes the conceptual metaphor theory. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) claim that we trequently think about objects, properties, or relations in one domain by systematically mapping these onto objects and properties in another domain (the source domain). The correspondence relation between these domains constitutes a potentially large and organized metaphor, by means of one domain in terms of the other. Much has been explained about conceptual metaphor since George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) first introduced the idea. Indeed, research has supplied bundant evidence that most of our metaphors are based on conceptual metaphors such as argument is war, happy is up, life is Journey, and many others. Yet there is good reason to investigate further the ways conceptual metaphors operate in our writing and talk. Currently, conceptual metaphors are described in two main ways. First, they are seen as preexistent structures available to be concretely instantiated. Second, they are seen as underpinnings, even fundamental underpinnings, of culture (Eubanks, 1999: 430). 3. Study of metaphors in literary works from the perspective of cognitive linguistics . 1 Study of metaphors in I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud from the perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory Wordsworth emphasized the metaphor nature is a teacher again and again in the poem I Wandered lonely as a Cloud. There are a lot of similarities between the Source Domain nature and the Target Domain teacher. Nature is the incarnation of order and civilization, which could save people from degradation, and obviously nature has the cultivating function of a teacher. Furthermore, teacher is as pure, charming and refreshing as nature. The poet compared nature to a teacher to direct and save people. With this conceptual metaphor we can understand the real meaning that the poet wanted to express. Actually, metaphors help the reader explore their inner feelings and emotions. Without metaphor poetry would be extremely shallow. Shallow poetry is perhaps one of the most purposeless forms of writing available. By using metaphor, poets can illuminate our experience; explore the consequences of our beliefs, challenge the ways we think, because metaphor is a primary tool for understanding our world and ourselves. (Rui Zhao, 2010: 14-17) 3. Study of metaphor in Emily Dickinsons oem applying on Cognitive Linguistics Theory In her poem I Could Not Stop for Death, Emily speaks of death as coachman, and she is using all extension of the same general and ordinary metaphorical conception of death as departure that we use when we speak of someone passing away. In the poem I Took One Draught of Life, Emily uses two conventional met aphors draught of life and a single dream of heaven to describe one short experience of love. In Twas Warm at First Like Us, we can effortlessly draw metaphors from this poem: death as frost, part of corpse as object. There is a large amount of fresh, novel and conventional metaphors in Emily Dickinsons poems, applying appropriate and suitable metaphorical theory can assist a lot to apprehend the essence of beauty in the metaphor, to reproduce the image of the poet in the audiences minds. (Xie Zhou, 2011: 201 ) 4. Study of metaphors in economic reports from the perspective of cognitive linguistics According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the conceptual metaphor can be divided into three categories: orientation, structural, and ontological metaphor. These are the bases ot metaphorical analysis in cognitive linguistics. In economic reports structural metaphors are used to express the economic concepts vividly. There are at least six kinds of structural metaphor in economic reports: metaphor of war, metaphor of machine, metaphor of road, metaphor of sports, metaphors of building and metaphor of stage performance. Orientation metaphor in economic reports means using the concepts of orientation, such as up and down, inside and outside, etc. to describe some behaviors or activities in economic field. As regards ontological metaphor, people are used to regard abstract expressions as entity. Personifying ome concepts is a common way of using ontological metaphor. Economic reports are abundant with ontological metaphors: metaphor of vessels, metaphor of bubbles, metaphor of temperature, etc.