Media Coverage on Presidential Candidates - 1194 Words

Both campaign contributions and media coverage has significant power to determine the success of a presidential candidate, and each of them seems to be interconnected with each other. The media has the power of fast deliverance of information, reproducing to an audience of mass quantity, and ability to distort the candidates’ authenticity. Though it largely relies on the campaign contribution that gets the attention of the media. However, it is the media that is more important in determining the likely success of a presidential candidate because of their coverage on a stimulating competitive race, complexive variety of biases, and techniques on issue framing. There are claims that perceptions of public support bring with them financial contributions. News emphasizing who is ahead or behind, gaining or losing, is the primary cause of how people â€Å"develop perceptions of the extent of mass support for candidates† (Mutz 1015). One way in which media portrayals of public support are important in determining the nature of campaigns is through their â€Å"influence on candidates’ abilities to attract contributors and ultimately, to finance a competitive race† (Mutz 1016). By encouraging mass fundraising efforts aimed at attracting many small donations from large number of individuals, â€Å"changes in campaign finance regulations have further enhanced the importance of mass media in the process† (Mutz 1016). In the 1988 Democratic primary and pre-primary period, all the presidentialShow MoreRelatedMedia And Its Impact On Politics1325 Words   |  6 Pagesthousands of media platforms exist, it’s not surprising that media is one of the strongest, if not the biggest, influences in our current presidential election. No matter where each of us turn, whether it be to a newspaper, social media, or our televisions, every single one of us has seen some sort of news report or article discussing presidential candidates Hillary Clint on and Donald Trump. However, every year, there seems to be this constant struggle when it comes to the media coverage, as it appearsRead MoreEssay on Impact Of Television in Presidential Coverage1490 Words   |  6 Pages In the 1950s, television, having been introduced to political coverage as a new medium, surpassed the dominance of newspaper and radio media as the primary public source of information regarding politics by 1962. Political processes and events of various measures were all soon televised in recognition of overwhelmingly positive public feedback. By the 1970s, live coverage of major political events were as common as seeing grass on the ground. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Through the impact ofRead MorePresidential Election Vs. Presidential Elections1264 Words   |  6 Pagespredictions and polling data for the 2016 presidential election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, tells, 49.2% of the popular vote goes for Clinton and 44.5% of the popular vote goes for Trump. These popular votes conducted in November 2, 2016. Clinton and Trump are the only candidates who remained in the race in the final stages representing their parties after the other candidates lost chances in competition. They have completed all the three presidential election debates and they are about 1Read MoreThe American Two Party System1709 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Congress and in state legislatures are elected to in single-member districts where the individual with the most votes wins. Seeing that only one party s candidate can win in each district, there is a strong motivation for political candidates to organize themselves into two competing par ties. By doing so, party members and candidates maximize their chances of winning elections. In some countries where there are multi-member districts, parties that win smaller percentages of the vote can oftenRead MoreCnn s Presidential Election Coverage938 Words   |  4 PagesFor this project, I chose to watch the CNN Presidential Primary election coverage. I watched the coverage on Super Tuesday, and also on Super Saturday. I wanted to see how they portrayed each candidate, and also who was represented in regards to the news anchors. Men were clearly represented more than women on both days, and white males were the most represented overall. While there were female news anchors dissecting the information, the main news anchors were males such as Wolf Blitzer. I foundRead MoreMedia s Influence On Politics1742 Words   |  7 Pages In the Public Eye: Politics and the Media Much of American life is guided by the influx of information received from the media. This results in the ability of the media to shape or mold the opinions of American society. Media is used in numerous areas concerning politics. â€Å"Without the media’s investigations, citizens would be forced to rely entirely on the information provided by politicians and the government, and would be deprived of an indispensable opportunity to evaluate issues carefully andRead MoreMedia Bias Essay examples893 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Bias Is the Media Bias? Many people including myself believe that it is. On the other hand, there are people who believe that media is not biased and just states facts. These people (i.e. my dad), who believe that media is not biased also believe that everything on TV is true, in my experience. We see bias in media (print or broadcast) many times. It might be the subtlest of things that is unnoticeable to more blatant attempts. The fact is bias is everywhere and it is very difficultRead MoreEssay on Mass Media Coverage of Presidential Election1460 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mass media coverage of the U.S. presidential election involves two key elements- news reporting and paid advertising. Combined they make the media an important and influential factor in the election process. The media depends upon the campaigns for both news and revenues. The candidates then rely upon the media to get in touch with the largest number of voters possible. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Media has a â€Å" very powerful and justifiableRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s Presidential Election1225 Words   |  5 Pagesadvertisements to instill trust in the people for candidates. President Franklin D. Roosevelt built his presidency on informing the public on his political strategies through the use of public radio (Walsh). In the 1952 presidential race, Dwight Eisenhower promoted his campaign by creating political advertisements on TV (Fowler, Franz, Ridout). Since then, not only have radio and TV advertisements been a defining aspect of presidential elections, but also, social media, a more modern avenue for politiciansRead MoreMedias Influence On The Political World1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a considerable role in the political world. The media gives people access to be able to determine which political party they want to be a part of, develop outlooks on government parties and decisions, and manage their own personal interests. The newspaper, TV, radio, social media, and other online media, are one of the leading factors, if not thee leading factor in political communication and fund-raising. The media’s influence on the political world has shattered the mold in terms

The Belgian Blue Essay - 1568 Words

The Belgian Blue is a heavily muscled cow breed that has been established through selective breeding. It’s mainly bred for the purpose of its beef production and due to it’s lean meat, it’s become popular in some parts of Europe. Hyperplasia, also known as double muscling’ occurs in belgian blue cows resulting in its heavily muscled build. Is a term for an â€Å"abnormal increase in volume of a tissue or organ caused by the formation and growth of new normal cells† (hyperplasia, 2016); so it’s the increase of the amount of muscle fibres, rather than the enlargement of each individual muscle fibers (hypertrophy). (Hyperplasia, 2016) This is caused by a mutation the myostatin gene which is responsible to suppress muscle growth so that it doesn’t grow too large. So the mutation results in a more developed muscle compared to other cow breeds. This mutated gene is also a heritable characteristic which means it can be passed on to the next generation of offspring. The selective breeding of the Belgian Blue began in the 19th century in Belgium when they bred a local cow breed with a shorthorn cattle from the UK. From there, each generation reproduction was very strictly controlled so that cows with the most muscle mass can mate. This results in an increase of the amounts of desired characteristics such as a more developed muscles in the gene pool of the next generation. Talk about allele frequency - genotype phenotype etc Artificial insemination has replaced sex for manyShow MoreRelatedBlue Collar Brilliance, By The Belgian Constitutional Court982 Words   |  4 PagesBlue Collar Brilliance According to Eurofound, â€Å"In 1993, the Belgian Constitutional Court ruled that the employment status of blue-collar and white-collar workers was discriminatory, due to discrepancies in working conditions and entitlements.† In the twentieth century, a status was created between two kinds of workers: white collar and blue collar. An individual’s level of education doesn’t always determine exactly how smart one truly is. An individual’s level of education does not determine howRead MoreHuman Manipulation Of Genetic Transfer And Its Biological Implications Essay2031 Words   |  9 Pagessperm a sperm extender is added. AI is widely used around the world as a method of improving the genetics of animals. Case study- Belgian Blue The Belgian Blue (shown of the right) is a breed of cattle that originated from Belgium and is the product of crossbreeding between local cattle and cattle imported from England in the late 1800s. By the 1950s the Belgian cattle population had a rare double muscle beef mutation (myostatin) in some of the animals, which were being offered higher pricesRead MoreGenetic Modification Essay. By Cooper Jay Hawking. Inquiry1518 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst genetic modification of sorts was with the Belgian Blue Cow, a specific cow breed known for their massive muscles sizes. Through selective breeding, these cows have over time genetically mutated to have bigger muscles. This occurred because through the mutation, the cows developed a nonfunctioning Myostatin gene, which is the gene responsible for, normally, controlling muscle growth, but thus with a nonfunctioning Myostatin gene the Belgian Blue Cow no longer had genetic restrictions as to howRead MoreGlobalization of Levi Strauss1265 Word s   |  6 Pagesdevastate the Belgian economy. In order to avoid financial hardship for the community, and stimulate employment, LSamp;Co. decided to pay each employee a farewell bonus of $13,201, and an additional $4,950 to all employees who found employment within four months. They also agreed to pay employees who decided to receive training instead of work $330 per month for six months, and employees who did not work received $90 per month for three years. Considering the average annual salary for Belgian workersRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Racist Leader Making Everyone Hate The Jews?1154 Words   |  5 Pagesthis world full of unequal people. The holocaust was done because of a racist leader making everyone hate the Jews for really inhuman reasons. Making people join his way of thought.They felt that the most powerful and best race was the tall, white, blue-eyed people. This made other people in other countries think, eliminating those you don t like or are in the way, this caused them to hate others for being different. Then they started doing very gruesome things, and unforgettable events.It wasRead MoreBlue for Men Pink for Women1026 Words   |  5 Pagessociologists, clearly the notion of blue color for boys and red color for girls exists. Although women and men like blue-type colors (blue, green, purple and etc), most women are more preferences to red-type colors (red, pink, yellow and etc). Some neuroscientists argue that this norm of gender colors is because of biological differences between sexes. Back in prehistoric days, people wanted clear skies for good weather. Therefore they started to have a tendency of preferring blue colors and that tendency hadRead MoreIn Disputing Some Of The Main Accusations And So-Called1008 Words   |  5 PagesIn disputing some of the main accusations and so-called â€Å"evidence† presented in the Blue Book, the German Colonial Office argues that Germany’s African protectorates were acquired by pe aceful means and were built upon by German enterprise and industry under a colonial policy of liberality towards other nations. They claim that, since Great Britain declared willingness to recognize German territory in African, the British cannot make the argument that South-West Africa shouldn t have fallen intoRead MoreModern Techniques Like Cloning And Restriction Enzymes1065 Words   |  5 Pagestechniques like cloning and restriction enzymes allow genetic material to be transferred from one organism to another to exchange genetic material. This then puts a permanent change in an organism’s gene making it an artificial species like the Belgian Blue, Featherless chickens and the Enviropig. Although making it cheaper and easier to produce such as making it simple selecting traits and crops utilizing less applications to reproduce, GMO’s allow farmers to receive more product from the organismRead MoreWhat Is Art? Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesAugust 11, 1956 at th e young age of 44 years old. ‘Blue Poles: Number 11’ (appendix 1) is considered to be Pollock’s most important abstract painting. Currently owned by the National Gallery of Australia in Canberra, ‘Blue Poles’ is estimated to be worth a staggering AU $180 million. Original bought for $1.8 million, â€Å"Blue Poles† is now one of the most popular exhibits in the gallery. At the dimensions of 210 cm Ãâ€" 486.8 cm (83 in Ãâ€" 192 in), ‘Blue Poles’ is constructed by oil on canvas. Pollock mainlyRead MoreEssay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesenjoyed a good few centuries of being the top dog in terms of global travel, occupation and hegemony. (22) Since Columbus returned from his accidental discovery of South America with spuds and chocolate, Europeans have enjoyed wandering off into the wide blue yonder. Taking occupation of some naive locale and then raping what was there. Here’s a short list, in no particular order of places which have been occupied, exploited and exchanged between Imperial powers since about the 14thC. Fig 2. Authors

Conceptual Metaphor free essay sample

Traditionally, metaphor is a figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another by saying that one is the other, as in â€Å"He is a tiger†. It is a property of words, and is used for some artistic and rhetorical purpose. However, this view has been challenged recently by cognitive linguists (Liu Wen, 2012: 249). Cognitive linguists and philosophers have shown that metaphors are not just a way of expressing ideas by means of language, but powerful cognitive tools for our conceptualization of the world (Wang, 2011: 162). Cognitive linguists believe: â€Å"Metaphorical ideation is a kind of creative thinking ability that came to birth with the development of the human beings’ cognitive ability, it is the high-level stage of human beings’ cognitive development and especially it is necessary ability for human beings to observe abstract things. † (Zhao, 2001:102) Fauconnier (1998) points out that â€Å"mappings between domains are at the heart of the unique human cognitive faculty of producing, transferring, and processing meaning. Many abstract concepts are rganized with specific or well-known images by using metaphors. Metaphor in cognitive linguistics is a two-way affair: it can go from linguistic metaphor to conceptual metaphor or from conceptual to linguistic metaphor. For instance, cognitive linguists have used the abundant and systematic presence of metaphors in language as a basis for postulating the existence of conceptual metaphors, which illustrates the move from language to thought. Here is a whole series of conceptual metaphors which capture our thinking about ideas below. These are conceptual metaphors to the extent that they are abstractions of the ideas lying behind the common usage of such expressions as the following: Hes rich in ideas. That book is a treasure trove of ideas. He has a wealth of ideas. (cf. Gibbs, 1997: 1) 2. Conceptual metaphor Probably the most famous literature on metaphor is Lakoff and Johnsons conceptual metaphor theory. The publication of Metaphor We Live By in 1980 marked the beginning of modern research on metaphor with a cognitive perspective. This book proposes the conceptual metaphor theory. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) claim that we trequently think about objects, properties, or relations in one domain by systematically mapping these onto objects and properties in another domain (the source domain). The correspondence relation between these domains constitutes a potentially large and organized metaphor, by means of one domain in terms of the other. Much has been explained about conceptual metaphor since George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980) first introduced the idea. Indeed, research has supplied bundant evidence that most of our metaphors are based on conceptual metaphors such as argument is war, happy is up, life is Journey, and many others. Yet there is good reason to investigate further the ways conceptual metaphors operate in our writing and talk. Currently, conceptual metaphors are described in two main ways. First, they are seen as preexistent structures available to be concretely instantiated. Second, they are seen as underpinnings, even fundamental underpinnings, of culture (Eubanks, 1999: 430). 3. Study of metaphors in literary works from the perspective of cognitive linguistics . 1 Study of metaphors in I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud from the perspective of Conceptual Metaphor Theory Wordsworth emphasized the metaphor nature is a teacher again and again in the poem I Wandered lonely as a Cloud. There are a lot of similarities between the Source Domain nature and the Target Domain teacher. Nature is the incarnation of order and civilization, which could save people from degradation, and obviously nature has the cultivating function of a teacher. Furthermore, teacher is as pure, charming and refreshing as nature. The poet compared nature to a teacher to direct and save people. With this conceptual metaphor we can understand the real meaning that the poet wanted to express. Actually, metaphors help the reader explore their inner feelings and emotions. Without metaphor poetry would be extremely shallow. Shallow poetry is perhaps one of the most purposeless forms of writing available. By using metaphor, poets can illuminate our experience; explore the consequences of our beliefs, challenge the ways we think, because metaphor is a primary tool for understanding our world and ourselves. (Rui Zhao, 2010: 14-17) 3. Study of metaphor in Emily Dickinsons oem applying on Cognitive Linguistics Theory In her poem I Could Not Stop for Death, Emily speaks of death as coachman, and she is using all extension of the same general and ordinary metaphorical conception of death as departure that we use when we speak of someone passing away. In the poem I Took One Draught of Life, Emily uses two conventional met aphors draught of life and a single dream of heaven to describe one short experience of love. In Twas Warm at First Like Us, we can effortlessly draw metaphors from this poem: death as frost, part of corpse as object. There is a large amount of fresh, novel and conventional metaphors in Emily Dickinsons poems, applying appropriate and suitable metaphorical theory can assist a lot to apprehend the essence of beauty in the metaphor, to reproduce the image of the poet in the audiences minds. (Xie Zhou, 2011: 201 ) 4. Study of metaphors in economic reports from the perspective of cognitive linguistics According to Lakoff and Johnson (1980), the conceptual metaphor can be divided into three categories: orientation, structural, and ontological metaphor. These are the bases ot metaphorical analysis in cognitive linguistics. In economic reports structural metaphors are used to express the economic concepts vividly. There are at least six kinds of structural metaphor in economic reports: metaphor of war, metaphor of machine, metaphor of road, metaphor of sports, metaphors of building and metaphor of stage performance. Orientation metaphor in economic reports means using the concepts of orientation, such as up and down, inside and outside, etc. to describe some behaviors or activities in economic field. As regards ontological metaphor, people are used to regard abstract expressions as entity. Personifying ome concepts is a common way of using ontological metaphor. Economic reports are abundant with ontological metaphors: metaphor of vessels, metaphor of bubbles, metaphor of temperature, etc.

The natural and human sciences Essay Example For Students

The natural and human sciences Essay Similarly to the issue of creationism versus evolution, disagreements between the two differing perspectives are unlikely to aid in the pursuit of knowledge as a whole. The productivity of the disagreement relies upon the basis of each individuals argument, therefore when the basis of the arguments are so different, for example using emotion rather than reason and evidence, the efficiency of the disagreement decreases rapidly. The pursuit of knowledge exists regardless of whether it is strived towards or accidental, and is present in the natural sciences or human sciences. We will write a custom essay on The natural and human sciences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It can be obtained through new discoveries or increased improvements on previous theories and may be contested regardless of its status in the scientific community. In the natural and human sciences disagreements may arise from a variety of different avenues, such as emotional responses to theories and laws as well as logical reasoning which dispute the evidence throughout scientific experiments. It is possible that disagreements may create negative results on discoveries and hinder the pursuit of knowledge, this is prominent in the issue of creationism versus evolution. Whilst negative effects of disagreements are possible, there may also be positive outcomes, which arise from detrimental events or the exposure of new ideas and perspectives that become apparent due to disagreements. Regardless of the form of disagreement and its outcome, they are present in every day discussions within these two fields of science and each side must work towards the same goal if concessions are to be reached, only then may disagreements aid in the pursuit of knowledge. Sources Atomic Bomb. History. History Channel, n. d. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. http://www. history. co. uk/explore-history/ww2/atomic-bomb. html. Nicozisin, Fr. George. Creationism Versus Evolution. Orthodox Research Institute. Orthodox Research Institute, n. d. Web. 1 Feb. 2013. http://www. orthodoxresearchinstitute. org/articles/dogmatics/nicozisin_creationism. htm. Redd, Nola Taylor. Einsteins Theory of General Relativity. Space. com.

Prometheus †The Fire-Bringer in Greek Mythology

Prometheus - The Fire-Bringer in Greek Mythology The term philanthropist is a perfect term for the great titan of Greek mythology, Prometheus. He loved us. He helped us. He defied the other gods and suffered for us. (No wonder he looks Christ-like in the painting.) Read what the stories from Greek mythology tell us about this benefactor of mankind. Prometheus is famous for a couple of seemingly unrelated stories: (1) the gift of fire to mankind and (2) being chained to a rock where every day an eagle came to eat his liver. There is a connection, however, and one that shows why Prometheus, the father of the Greek Noah, was called the benefactor of mankind. Gift of Fire to Mankind Zeus sent most of the Titans to Tartarus to punish them for fighting against him in the Titanomachy, but since second-generation Titan Prometheus had not sided with his aunts, uncles, and brother Atlas, Zeus spared him. Zeus then assigned Prometheus the task of forming man from water and earth, which Prometheus did, but in the process, became fonder of men than Zeus had anticipated. Zeus didnt share Prometheus feelings and wanted to prevent men from having power, especially over fire. Prometheus cared more for man than for the wrath of the increasingly powerful and autocratic king of the gods, so he stole fire from Zeus lightning, concealed it in a hollow stalk of fennel, and brought it to man. Prometheus also stole skills from Hephaestus and Athena to give to man. As an aside, Prometheus and Hermes, considered trickster gods, both have a claim to the gift of fire. Hermes is credited with discovering how to produce it. Prometheus and the Form of Ritual Sacrifice The next stage in Prometheus career as the benefactor of mankind came when Zeus and he were developing the ceremonial forms for animal sacrifice. The astute Prometheus devised a sure-fire way to help man. He divided the slaughtered animal parts into two packets. In one was the ox-meat and innards wrapped up in the stomach lining. In the other packet were the ox-bones wrapped up in its own rich fat. One would go to the gods and the other to the humans making the sacrifice. Prometheus presented Zeus with a choice between the two, and Zeus took the deceptively richer appearing: the fat-encased, but inedible bones. Next time someone says dont judge a book by its cover, you may find your mind wandering to this cautionary tale. As a result of Prometheus trick, forever after, whenever man sacrificed to the gods, he would be able to feast on the meat, so long as he burned the bones as an offering for the gods. Zeus Gets Back at Prometheus Zeus responded by hurting the ones Prometheus loved most, his brother and the humans. Prometheus Continues to Defy Zeus Prometheus was still not awed by the might of Zeus and continued to defy him, refusing to warn him of the dangers of the nymph Thetis (future mother of Achilles). Zeus had tried punishing Prometheus through his loved ones, but this time, he decided to punish him more directly. He bade Hephaestus (or Hermes) chain Prometheus to Mount Caucasus where an eagle/vulture ate his ever-regenerating liver each day. This is the topic of Aeschylus tragedy Prometheus Bound and many paintings. Eventually, Hercules rescued Prometheus, and Zeus and the Titan were reconciled. The Human Race and the Great Flood Meanwhile, Prometheus had sired the human man named Deucalion, one of the noble couple whom Zeus had spared when he caused the creatures of the earth to be destroyed by a flood. Deucalion was married to his cousin, the human woman Pyrrha, daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. During the flood, Deucalion and Pyrrha stayed safely on a boat like Noahs ark. When all the other evil humans had been destroyed, Zeus caused the waters to recede so that Deucalion and Pyrrha could land on Mount Parnassus. While they had each other for company, and they could produce new children, they were lonely and sought help from the oracle of Themis. Following the oracles advice, they threw stones over their shoulders. From those thrown by Deucalion sprang men and from those thrown by Pyrrha came women. Then they had their own child, a boy whom they called Hellen and after whom the Greeks were named Hellenes.

Journals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Journals - Research Paper Example The problem of decision making that requires an individual to balance between good and bad. While good is not very promising, bad is neither the best option. This signifies a life situation that requires concrete decision making on serious issues. Such situations require an individual to compromise on one aspect or the other, yet the aspect to compromise is not as clear. Visualizing clearly the right decision to make troubles this person. He thinks of taking both opportunities, but there is only one option at a time. Taking either option would mean no opportunity to take the second. However, in every confusing situation, there is always a more promising option. Regardless of how complex the situation in life can be, there is always a better way out. The confused individual looks at both options carefully and takes the best, hoping to try the other, if life allows a chance. This is a poem depicting real life, informing people that compromising situation must occur, and calling for peo ple to ponder more and be decisive. There is more to life than just love. This poem is about the reality of life, telling people that love is not the ultimate solution to the challenges we have, yet it is the most important thing for man. There is a great irony in this poem. First, the impression of the title and the first sentence makes us believe that love is worthless, since it cannot supply man with the very basics of this life. However, this notion changes as the poem progresses, and we come to realize that love is in fact everything. Love is the most coveted thing by man, which overshadows everything else. Many people will not value anything else other than love. Even though an individual may have everything they need in life, all the treasures, all the comfort, all the possessions; lack of someone to love them will make all those meaningless. Love could be there, but people shall always need food and shelter. Love could be there but people still

Humans Rights - World Torture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Humans Rights - World Torture - Essay Example Nagan and Atkins (2001) inform that torture was not always a defined prohibition in international, national and regional legal regimes. On the contrary, historically, social order dictated that those who were charged with the responsibility of engineering the social order were willing to â€Å"use torture as an instrument† for exercising â€Å"effective control over others† (p. 92). Complicating matters, elements of culture, religion and ideology supported the use of torture by those in power. As a result torture was previously implicitly tolerated as necessary for promoting and safeguarding the larger interest of society. As Nagan and Atkins (2001) explain: ...the predisposition to torture requires for its efficacy that it be displaced on public enemies with a religious, cultural, or ideological mechanism of overt or tacit validation of an alleged community interest (usually public order, security, or law and order) (p. 92) At common law, torture was an established part of the legal process. It was used for the administration of oaths and proof of the truth of a matter could be established by the use of torture. The trial by ordeal stands as a manifestation of the historical support of the judicial use of torture. Langbein (2006) the use of â€Å"judicial torture† under the Roman-Cannon statutory regime which permitted â€Å"the use of physical coercion by offers of the state† for the purpose of gathering â€Å"evidence for judicial proceedings† (p. 3).... 92) At common law, torture was an established part of the legal process. It was used for the administration of oaths and proof of the truth of a matter could be established by the use of torture. The trial by ordeal stands as a manifestation of the historical support of the judicial use of torture. Langbein (2006) the use of â€Å"judicial torture† under the Roman-Cannon statutory regime which permitted â€Å"the use of physical coercion by offers of the state† for the purpose of gathering â€Å"evidence for judicial proceedings† (p. 3). State officials using torture pursuant to the truth and for maintaining the social order often rationalized the use of torture in other ways. It was largely believed that the tortured would be redeemed and thus experience some form of â€Å"moral cleansing† (Nagan and Atkins 2001, p. 92). Essentially, torture found currency with states on the basis that it was necessary for discovering the truth. The pain associated with t orture was also rationalized on the basis that it benefitted the tortured by providing â€Å"moral and spiritual† benefits (Nagan and Atkins 2001, p. 92). Waisel (2010) explains that torture was legal for â€Å"long periods of history† (p. 280). Foot (2009) identifies four primary reasons that torture was historically used as a legal instrument of social control and order. Firstly, torture was used by the state pursuant to an ideology that accepted that subhuman factions existed. For instance, Greeks and Romans believed that torture was the best method for abstracting truth from slaves. Secondly, torture was believed to be the best method for obtaining the truth. Thirdly, there was